Q. In some parts of the world, the sun either never sets during the summer
months or just sets for a very short time. Some scholars suggest using the time of the nearest location where the
sun sets as a guide, but that can still result in 18 to 20 hours (or longer) of fasting
during Ramadan. What should the limit be on the number of hours for observing
the fast in places way above or below the equator even where the sun sets, but
where the days can be extremely long during the summer months?
A. There are several opinions on the issue, all the obvious result
of ijtihad,
since the Qur'an, in the view of most, says nothing on the issue. The Qur'an
does give us a guide which is general in all affairs, but rather significantly,
occurs in the very verses on fasting. In 2:185, the Qur'an says: "Indeed
God wants that which is easy for you, not that which is overbearing." How
does one approach the concept of fasting then in the northern or southern regions
depending on the time of year? One opinion is that we take the day / night durations of Mecca or Medina
and apply them to these locations. This is based on the premise that Mecca / Medina
is where the Prophet (s.a.a.s) lived and the Qur'an was revealed there. The Qur'an is
also in Arabic, and therefore it would seem appropriate to take Arab norms,
language, geography, climate, etc. as its standard. This opinion, however,
seems to force an Arabism on Islam that detracts from the religion's
universality.
Another
opinion is to use the timing of the nearest region that has sunset, but
this too also leads to unusually long days of fasting. Another opinion is to try to
calculate the average daylight hours, i.e., by taking the shortest / longest day on both
sides of the equator, and then dividing the sum of both sides by two to get an
average number of daylight hours. Yet another opinion is to take the average day of the
region itself by measuring the sunrise / sunset over a 365 day period, and using
that as the standard. If such an average is within 12-14 hours (typical daylight hours near the equator is 12 hours),
then it seems within the capability of most people. If it results in longer than 15
hours as mentioned in your question, there is a problem. The Qur'an, in addition
to the verse already mentioned, underscores God's mercy by telling us that:
"Allah does not tax any being over its capability..."Q2:286. Fasting is
not meant to induce starvation and health risks, but to teach TAQWA
-- conscientiousness and awareness of the Divine.
Once
could measure the shortest and longest days in the region and divide the
combined number of hours by two and use that as an average day for fasting
during the summer months. One could also take the longest day of the winter
months as that which is workable, or one could take the average daylight hours in
the winter months. Of course the question could arise as to why one could not
take the shortest day. In this case, one has to resort to some sort of
ratiocination and realize that whereas the outward aspect of fasting may be achieved
over a three or four hour period, certainly
the "feeling" does not occur.
Solely
on the basis of istihsaan,
my suggestion is -- and this is only a recommendation as the Muslim authorities
in those applicable regions are presumably well aware of the principles that
are allowed in Islamic law for arriving at their decision -- that the fasting
day be based on the "average daylight hours" calculation. Based on our research,
an average day of daylight hours equates to roughly 12 hours of sunlight (dawn to sunset at the equator is roughly 13 hours),
so given this average then, and with the Qur'anic goal in
mind, I would assume that a person in the northern or southern regions, taking
into consideration the normal commencement of the work day, etc., could start
the fast at approximately 6:00am and end it at 6:00pm, or 5:30am and end it at 6:30pm. One may opt to fast a
little longer, e.g., 14 or 15 hours, depending on one's capability (the longest day of fasting in Saudi Arabia during the summer is less than 15 hours). I realize that there are some Muslims who for whatever reason (be it stamina, strict adherence to the
tradition, etc.) will view my suggestion as heresy and stick to the dawn and
sunset times in their regions regardless of the extremely long summer days. My
recommendation is for those Muslims who concur that Allah does not want the
fast to be overly burdensome on us because of geographical differences. And Allah knows best.
Webmaster's
Note: In Alaska, the sun barely sets during
the summer months and there is about three hours of daylight during the winter
months. Since posting this Q&A, it has come to our attention that a Muslim community in
Alaska decided to fast 12 hours daily during Ramadan regardless of the time of
year. We feel that this decision is in line with our view and also the spirit
of the Qur'an as outlined in the answer above. (April
9, 2011)
June 30, 2014: The graphic below shows the
differences in the length of the daily fast during Ramadan at the end of June depending on one's location.
June 16, 2015: Others
are finally coming around to the realization that fasting for ridiculously long hours goes against the message and spirit of the ritual,
not to mention the serious health risks, as shown in the following article:
Quilliam Foundation’s Usama Hasan: Fasting hours should be shortened
Posted November
10, 2002